URBAN OPENNESS

   Urban openness is a fundamental resource-based innovation capability that should be considered in the development and operation management of smart cities. It refers to the various resources that each city holds, which can be leveraged not just for the sustainability of operations or traditional public-led approaches, but for activities that address urban problems through collaboration with the private sector. This index report has been addressing this topic since 2017, analyzing it based on the concept of open innovation. The perspective of this report focuses on the innovation capacity to transparently share various sensors or processed urban data through open data, promote citizen participation, and create an environment that allows diverse stakeholders to lead collaboration and innovation. From the standpoint of open innovation, the various public data generated in cities are utilized by the private sector through apps and web services, making it a key digital policy for both national governments and city governments that are leading the digital economy. This report analyzes the changes in public data openness, the status of data sharing across different sectors, and evaluates the use of data to assess the smart city outcomes across 50 cities. The open data portals, which provide urban data openness, are considered under the "infrastructure integration" category and have been analyzed separately, thus excluded from the openness category. As in the 2022 index report, another framework for analysis in the urban openness category is "citizen participation," which evaluates the types and activities of citizen involvement in smart city services, infrastructure, and projects across the 50 cities.